The Pantograph Demythologized Image Credits Rev. 12, 2018-08-21 The presentation for which this is the image credit list is at: http://www.CircuitousRoot.com/artifice/letters/pantocut/index.html (See the bibliography for details of citations.) Logo image on all slides: This is one of Christoph Scheiner's original drawings of a pantograph, from Scheiner (1631). Public Domain. "Dangerous Curve" roadsign. A representation of of the Swedish traffic sign "Varning för flera farliga kurvor" (Warning - Multiple Dangerous Curves). Produced by the government of Sweden. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sweden_road_sign_A2-1.svg ----- IBM Basic Programming Class #3. This photograph is probably owned by IBM, but my dad is in it so I'm going to use it. ----- Linn Boyd Benton. Frontispiece (unpaginated) to his obituary in _The Inland Printer_, Vol. 89, No. 5 (Aug. 1932). Scanned by me from the University of Wisconsin copy. Public Domain. ----- Compass Rose. This is a modern digital rendering of a compass rose, by Joaquim Alves Gaspar in October 2006, after an example from a 1504 nautical chart by Pedro Reinel. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Reinel_compass_rose.svg ----- Photograph of a punch cut by David M. MacMillan at Stan Nelson's 2016 punchcutting class at Wells College. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Two photographs of a punch, probably hand-cut, thought to be ex-Thompson Type Machine Company, from my collection. Photos by me. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Probably a patrix. Provenance unknown; ex-Paul Aken. Photo by me License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 ATF Series 476 Goudy Handtooled Italic matrix, 60 point, 'ffl'. Electroformed. Formerly in the collection of Gregory Jackson Walters; now under my care. Photo by me. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 ATF Series 530 Bernhard Gothic Heavy matrix, 96 point and 84 point titling, 'H'. Directly engraved. Formerly in the collection of the late Henry Weiland. Gift from Stanton Peters. Photo by me. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 ----- Rollins/Donnelley. The cover and frontispiece (drawing of a pantograph) from the materials by Carl Purington Rollins to accompany the 1947 R. R. Tonnelley & Sons exhibition "American Type Designers and their Work." Scanned by me from my copy of these original materials. Public Domain. Rollins' text was substantially reprinted in 1948 in the journal Print. ----- Portrait of Edward Ruthven. From Loy's "Designers and Engravers of Type, No. 15, Edwin C. Ruthven" (1899). Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. Portrait of John E. Hanrahan. From Loy's "Designers and Engravers of Type, No. 21, John E. Hanrahan." (1899). Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. Drawings from Thomas W. Starr's US Patent 4130. From the only available images from the USPTO. Public Domain. Hand Patrix Engraving at the Philadelphia Foundry (C) of ATF. From the ATF/MSJ book _One Hundred Years_ (1896). Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. ----- Mahr. "Der Stempelschneider." Originally this image appeared in Mahr's _Der Druckbuchstabe_ (1928). It was one of three images from that book used and published in the US in the Bauer foundry's 1937 booklet _The Human Touch_. Mahr's original is still in copyright, but the Bauer 1937 US publication is in the Public Domain. This image is scanned from the Bauer 1937 US version. Harwerth. "Der Stempelschneider." This woodcut appeared in the 1924 Klingspor type foundry calendar (published in 1923). Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. ----- Stempelschneider and parallel sequences for punchcutting and patrix cutting. Both from the 1953 version of Konrad Bauer's _Wei eine Buchdruckscrift entsteht_ [How a This book is still in copyright, but it has not been practical to determine who might own these rights. Hand tools for punch and patrix engraving. From Bohadti, _Die Buchdruck Letter_, 1954, page 171. This book is still in copyright, but it is not clear who might own these rights. ----- Jolly Roger. By Wikimedia Commons users "Liftarn" and "ed_g2s". https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jolly-roger.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. Counter-Punch and Punch. From Koch, Kredel, and Chappell. "On Punch Cutting & Wood Cutting." (1932) Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. There has been some confusion as to who made this woodcut. Gerald Cinamon, in his biography of Rudolf Koch, attributes it to Fritz Kredel. But Warren Chappell (1970) said that it was made by "Professor Koch" in 1932. Electroforming Bath. From ATF/MSJ _One Hundred Years_ (1896). Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. ----- Photographs and photomicrographs of ATF 60 point Barth matrices for Goudy Handtooled Italic. By me. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 ----- "Suspended Pantograph" (for drafting). From the B. K. Elliott & Co. _Catalog and Price List_ (of drafting supplies), No. 6. Page 148. Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. Benton Vertical Pantograph, type 2 (matrix engraving). From the 1912 ATF specimen book. Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. Janvier "Reducing Engine." Photograph of a machine at the Birmingham [UK] Science Museum. Copyright by the Birmingham Museums Trust. "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thinktank_Birmingham_-_object_1960S01284(1)_-_Janvier_reducing_lathe.jpg" License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Kennan's 3-D pantograph for copying sculpture. Shown in the 1862 International Exhibition, London. From Clark's 1862 "Cyclopædia" of the machinery exhibited (p. 228). Google digitized. Public Domain. Photograph of a Hollerith hand punch for tabulating cards. The machine was designed in 1891, but this photograph appears to have been taken in the 1940s. This is an official United States federal government photograph (US Census Bureau) and is in the public domain. https://www.census.gov/library/photos/card_punching_1940.html ----- Photograph of Siegfried Marcus' "storchenschnabel" (pantograph). By Wikimedia Commons user ``newfoundlanddog''. Taken on July 2006 and entitled "Storchenschnabel nach Siegfried Marcus, 1855." http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pantograph_1855.jpg Released by the photographer into the Public Domain Photograph of a railway "pantograph" (so called). Photograph taken in 2007 by Audrius Meskauska and uploaded to Wikimedia Commons. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Schynige_Platte_diamond_pantograph.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. Photograph of Meadow Cranesbill. By Julie Anne Workman. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Geranium_pratense_(Meadow_Cranesbill).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. ----- A pantograph on display at The Science Museum, London. Photograph by Stefan Kühn. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pantogr.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. ----- A Rose Engine by Mercklein for Louix XVI. CNAM inventory no. 114. From an early 20th century postcard published by the CNAM. Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. Portrait of Andrei Konstantinovich Nartov and photograph of his "Portrait Cutter Type 2." Photographs by (and copyright by) The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia. Their terms of use allow reproduction for noncommercial scholarly purposes such as handouts at talks; they are so used here. Please respect these terms if you contemplate any further use of these images. "https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/08.+applied+arts/500114" "https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+paintings/338725" ----- La Croix Rose Engine ("Ornamental Turning Lathe"). Photograph of a machine at the Birmingham [UK] Science Museum. Copyright by the Birmingham Museums Trust. "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thinktank_Birmingham_-_object_1965S01941(3).jpg" License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International ----- Hulot's Tour à Portrait, as shown in Vol. 2 (1796) of the first edition of Bergeron's _Manuel du Tourneur_. This work was actually written by Louis-Georges-Isaac Salivet, but he published it under the name of his friend Louis-Eloy Bergeron. So "Bergeron" isn't quite a pen name as he really existed. Digitized by the Getty Research Institute from their copy. Public domain. https://archive.org/details/manueldutourneur02berg A Hulot-style portrait lathe donated to the CNAM in 1848 by Collas. CNAM inventory no. 114. From an early 20th century postcard published by the CNAM. Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. ----- A photograph of one of the two pantographs in James Watt's "Garret Workshop" as preserved and reconstructed in The Science Museum, London. Copyright The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum. License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 https://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co52335/james-watts-garret-workshop-used-1790-1819 A photograph of a "Machine for reproducing sculpture, by Benjamin Cheverton, 1826". Science Museum Inv. No. 1924-292. Copyright The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum. License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 https://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co47993/machine-for-reproducing-sculpture-machine ----- Roberts' "Normal" or horological plate drilling machine (described by the Science Museum as a "Drilling machine for watch plates." Inventory M.148 of the Mechanical Engineering Collection of the Science Division of the Victoria and Albert Musuem (which later became The Science Museum, London). GB Patent 12,207 of 11 July 1848. Shown her in an illustration from the article "The Revolution in Machine Shop Practice" by Henry Roland (1899), p. 41. Digitized by Google from the Penn State copy. Google ID ZLo9AQAAMAAJ. Public Domain. ----- Luman Carpenter's Ellipsograph, 1842. Patent model. Photograph by the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History. NMAH-MAH-69482. Licensed for noncommercial educational use by the Smithsonian. John C. Guerrant and Benton J. Field's 1866 Engraving Machine. From their US patent 60,506. Public Domain. Elijah Ware's pantograph. From his US patent 190,787. Public Domain. ----- Rochon, machine for engraving metallic plates (1783). From Rochon's _Recueil de Memoires sur La Mécanique et la Physique_ (1783). Plate 7. Digitized by the ETH Zurich. Public Domain. ----- A Handstickmaschine. This is a 19th century image reprinted in Tanner (1985). It is reproduced in Wikimedia Commons, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stickmaschine-Teile.jpg which takes the position that it is in the Public Domain as a reproduction of a public domain image. Your lawyers may differ. ----- Alfred Vincent Newton's "Double-4-bar" pantograph for engraving in wood or other materials. As shown in Dingler's _Polytechnisches Journal_ in 1851. While the original image is in the public domain, copyright is claimed on this digitization by the Digitalisierung des Polytechnischen Journals project/site. They license the images for use under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 license. Whether cropping out just the part with Newton's machine constitutes making a "derivative" version is a fine point of law; I believe that I am within the spirit of the license here. http://dingler.culture.hu-berlin.de/article/pj122/ar122052 Hope's first (1855) pantograph for engraving rolls for printing calico. From US Patent 13,462 (John and Thomas Hope). Public Domain. ----- Taylor's 1852 pantograph for engraving rolls for printing calico or wallpaper. US Patent 8,991. Patent model. Photograph by the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History. NMAH-MAH-69481. Licensed for noncommercial educational use by the Smithsonian. Blair's 4-bar pantograph for mezzotints. From his US patent 9,743 of 1853. Public Domain. W. H. Pease's 1860 4-bar rotary spindle pantograph for engraving wood, metal, or stone. Patent model. Photograph by the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History. NMAH-RWS2010-00215. Licensed for noncommercial educational use by the Smithsonian. ----- German pantograph for engraving securities, shown in 1864. From Bobrick, _Das eue buch der erfindungen, gewerbe und industrien_. Public Domain. Schmidt. 1866 pantograph "Gravirmaschine." From the article in the _Polytechnisches Centralblatt_ (1866). Digitized by Google (ID t8JAAAAAcAAJ). As usual, they didn't fold out the plates - but just enough is visible to see how the machine works. ----- Sorensen's Engraving Pantograph (1867). From an impage published by NOAA. FIg. 27 of the 1867 _Report of the Superintendent..._ of the U.S. Coast Survey. Image ID: theb1160 Public Domain. http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/htmls/theb1160.htm http://www.photolib.noaa.gov/bigs/theb1160.jpg Oldham's pantograph with optical tracer (1866). Patent model. Photograph by the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History. NMAH-MAH-69471. Licensed for noncommercial educational use by the Smithsonian. ----- Galton's pantograph of 1870 for the Meteorological Office. Science Museum Object No. 1895-47. Copyright The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum. License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 https://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co60123/galtons-pantograph-for-reducing-the-tracings-of-s-pantograph Cooke's Engraving Machine (for optical equipment). From an illustration which appeared originally in _The Engineer_, Dec. 2, 1870. Via Grace's Guide and thence Wikimedia Commons: "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Engraving_Machine_(The_Engineer,_Dec._2,_1870).jpg" Public Domain. J. Civilian Spencer's 1870 pantograph. Patent Model. Photograph by the Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of American History. Catalog No. GA*89797.099794 Licensed for noncommercial educational use by the Smithsonian. ----- Shield's 1875 pantograph for calico printing roll engraving. As shown in Dingler's _Polytechnisches Journal_ in that year. While the original image is in the public domain, copyright is claimed on this digitization by the Digitalisierung des Polytechnischen Journals project/site. They license the images for use under the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 license. Whether cropping out just the part with Newton's machine constitutes making a "derivative" version is a fine point of law; I believe that I am within the spirit of the license here. http://dingler.culture.hu-berlin.de/article/pj215/ar215136 Two pantographs by Ferdinand Lotz. As shown in _Scientific American_, Vol. 33, No. 3 (July 17, 1875): 34. Digitized by Google. Public Domain. Pantograph by William S. Wight, 1875, for lettering. Patent Drawing, US Ptent 159,488. Public Domain. ----- Wood printing block engraving pantograph by Peter Martin Shanks. From _Ure's Dictionary_, by Robert Hunt (1878), Vol. IV Supplement, page 685. Digitized by Google. Public Domain. Two photographs of pantographs for calico printing roll engraving, taken by Ji-Elle at the Musée de l'impression sur étoffes de Mulhouse. "Musée de l'impression sur étoffes de Mulhouse : pantographe pour la gravure des rouleaux d'impression en cuivre (Grande-Bretagne, vers 1879))" "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pantographe-Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27impression_sur_%C3%A9toffes_de_Mulhouse.jpg" "Musée de l'impression sur étoffes de Mulhouse : pantographe à molette (pour la gravure des rouleaux d'impression en cuivre)" "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pantographe_%C3%A0_molette-Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27impression_sur_%C3%A9toffes_de_Mulhouse.jpg" License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. ----- Photograph of a surviving wood type pantograph at the Hamilton Wood Type Museum. Taken in 2012 by me. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Portriat of Darius Wells. From Bullen's "Discursions of a Retired Printer," No. 13, _The Inland Printer_, Vol. 39, No. 5 (August, 1907). Digitized by Google. Public Domain. ----- Portrait of William A. Schraubstadter. From Bullen's "Discursions of a Retired Printer," No. 7, _The Inland Printer_, Vol. 38, No. 4 (January, 1907). Digitized by Google. Public Domain. Specimen of Geometric, in 18 and 24 point sizes. From an 1892 Central Type Foundry specimen. Digitized by Google. ----- Portrait of Nicholas J. Werner. From Loy's "Designers and Engravers of Type, No. 19, Nicholas J. Werner." (1899). Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. ----- Benton's first vertical pantograph engraving machine, shown in its British patent. No. 11,894 of 6 October 1885. From an original copy of the patent once owned by the late Monroe Postman. Generously lent to me by Mark Knudson (Elmwood Press) and scanned by me. Public Domain. Benton vertical pantograph, presumed to be of the first kind, as shown in DeVinne's _The Practice of Typography: Plain Printing Types_ (1900). Digitized by Google. Public Domain. Benton vertical pantograph, presumed to be of the first kind, as shown in Part 2 of Henry Lewis Bullen's six-part series of articles in The Inland Printer in 1924 ("Origin and Development of the Linotype Machine.") Scanned by me from the original. Public Domain. ----- Extract of Benton, Waldo & Co.'s announcement of their ability to cut punches in steel. From _The Inland Printer_, Vol. 1, No. 10 (July 1884): 21. Scanned by me from the University of Wisconsin copy. Public Domain. ----- Patent image from Linn Boyd Benton's US Patent 422,874 (his first cutter grinder). Public Domain. Patent image from Linn Boyd Benton's US Patent 774,030 (his second cutter grinder). Public Domain. ----- Portion of a showing of Benton's 12-point (Pica) Self Spacing Old Style, No. 26 type. From _Typographic Specimens_ (1886) by Benton, Waldo & Co. Scanned by Stephen O. Saxe from his original. Public Domain. ----- Portrait of Gustave F. Schroeder. From Loy's "Designers and Engravers of Type, No. 11, Gustav [sic] F. Schroeder." (1898). Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. ----- Portrait of Robert Wiebking from his 1927 obituary in _The Inland Printer_ (by Nicholas J. Werner). Scanned by me from the original. Public Domain. Portrait of Henry Hutchins Hardinge from an article in _The Public: A National Journal of Fundamental Democracy & A Weekly Narrative of History in the Making_. Vol. 13, No. 610 (1909-12-10): 1182-1184, portrait as a supplement. Chicago: Louis F. Post, 1909. Digitized by Google and availble via the Hathi Trust. Public Domain. ----- Photographs of the ex-Ludlow Wiebking/Hardinge pantograph at CircuitousRoot by me. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 ------ Image of Benton's second vertical pantograph from the 1923 American Type Founders specimen book. Scanned by me from my copy. Public Domain. ------ Photograph of a General Electric "Monitor Top" refrigerator. By Wikimedia Commons user "Magi Media." https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Monitor_refer.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Photograph of a 1931 Chevrolet Series AE Independence Phaeton. Taken in Germany at the Oltimer Rallye Wiesbaden in 2013 by Wikimedia Commons user "Qflieger". https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:1931_Chevrolet_Independence.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Outside of the 1927 plant shutdown to change from Model T to Model A production, this 1931 Chevrolet was their first model to outsell Ford. A Pierpont / English Monotype punch engraving pantograph. From Legros & Grant (1916), Plate 8, Fig. 162. Scanned by me from the original. Public Domain. Goudy at work on his E&PM pantograph in 1939. From the anonymous photo-spread in _Advertising and Selling_. Scanned by me from the original. Public Domain. ----- Photograph of a pantograph "Delineating the Characters" from Kaup's 1909 article in _American Machinist_. Digitized by Google. Public Domain. Other images of this machine from Benton's 1899/1905 US patent 790,172. Public Domain. ----- Pantograph at ATF (ex-MSJ), possibly by Beeler. From the ATF/MSJ book _One Hundred Years_ (1896). Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. Photograph of Charles H. Beeler from Loy. From Loy's "Designers and Engravers of Type, No. 23, Charles Henry Beeler." (1899). Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. Photograph of the Ballou pantograph for BB&S from Legros & Grant (1916). Plate 12, Fig. 211. Scanned by me from the original. Public Domain. ----- Patent images of Nicholas Dedrick's pantograph from US 624,845. Public Domain. Patent image from Mark Barr's US Patent 655,750. Public Domain. From Legros & Grant (1916), Plate 8, Fig. 162. Scanned by me from the original. Public Domain. ----- Engle. 1881. US Patent 246,747. Patent image. Public Domain Engle. 1882. US Patent 275,618. Patent image. Public Domain Engle's pantograph in use engraving on glass. From Henderson's 1891 article in _Popular Science Monthly_. Scanned by the Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory and available via The Internet Archive. Public Domain. Eaton. 1896. US Patent 585,261. Patent image. Public Domain. ----- Eaton-Engle Engraver, from an advertisement in _The Aluminum World and Brass and Bronze Industries_ (March 1902): 124. The New Century machine (Eaton), from a circa 1901 booklet in fragmentary condition. Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. ----- An Engravers' & Printers' Machinery Co. Model C drag engraving pantograph, as shown in Salade (1922). Digitized by the Library of Congress. Public Domain. ----- Photograph (by me) of my Cronite drag engraving pantograph. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 ----- Patent image from US Patent 542,902, William Taylor, for the Taylor-Hobson pantograph. Public Domain. Photograph of Jim Rimmer's Taylor-Hobson pantograph, in 2010. By and courtesy of Jason Dewinetz. License: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 ----- Goudy cutting a pattern on his Deckel, circa 1939. From the anonymous photo-spread in _Advertising and Selling_. Scanned by me from the original. Public Domain. ----- Gorton P1-2 pantograph. From Gorton's _Tools of Tomorrow_ (1957). At vintagemachinery.org. Public Domain. Gorton 3-L pantograph. From Gorton's _New 3-Dimensional Pantographs_. At vintagemachinery.org. Public Domain. ----- Hollerith card punch. Shown in a photograph taken by the US Bureau of the Census. Undated, but probably circa 1940. Current location: National Archives and Records Administration. ARC Identifier (National Archives Identifier) 513295. NAIL Control Number: NWDNS-29-CM-C(9). 29-CM-C(9). Public Domain. Via Wikimedia Commons, "http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:This_is_a_card_puncher,_an_integral_part_of_the_tabulation_system_used_by_the_United_States_Census_Bureau_to_compile..._-_NARA_-_513295.tif" Photograph of the tracer of a Mergenthaler Linotype punch engraving machine. Shown in 1923 in _The Linotype Bulletin_ ("The Autobiography of a Capital B"). From the Google scan of the Univ. of Michigan copy, via The Hathi Trust. Hathi ID mdp.39015086794065. Public Domain. A Hulot-style portrait lathe donated to the CNAM in 1848 by Collas. CNAM inventory no. 114. From an early 20th century postcard published by the CNAM. Scanned by me from my copy of the original. Public Domain. (This photograph appears earlier in the presentation, as well.) ----- Photograph of calico printing roll engraving multi-cutter pantographs at Usine [Factory of] Keller-Dorian. Title: "Atelier des pantographes de A. Keller-Dorian, à Mulhouse" Author: Société industrielle de Mulhouse. Via the Gallica digital library of the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Identifiant : ark:/12148/btv1b10217493h http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10217493h.r=.langEN Public Domain. Photograph of one of the multispindle watch case engraving pantographs at the Star Watch Company, Ludington, MI. By Doug Coldwell. Wikimedia Commons: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pantograph_Master_Design_Plate.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Patent image from William Goudie's 1891 US patent 460,391. Public Domain. ----- Pierpont or Monotype Punch Cutter. From Legros & Grant (1916), Plate 8, Fig. 162. Scanned by me from the original. Public Domain. Two styles of punch cutting pantographs at the English Monotype works, from the film _A Monotype Composing Machine_ (1925). Public Domain. ----- Mark Barr's pantograph for The Linotype Co. / Linotype & Machinery Ltd. (two illustrations). From Legros & Grant (1916), Plates 5 & 6, Figs. 159 & 160. Scanned by me from the original. Public Domain. Pantograph from Linotype & Machinery, Ltd. in the permanent collection of The Science Museum, London. Object No. Y1999.1.3. Gift of Linotype and Machinery Limited, Altrincham. https://collection.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects/co8411201/linotype-engraving-machine-engraving-machine Copyright The Board of Trustees of the Science Museum. License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 ----- Mergenthaler Linotype pantograph, shown in 1961 in _The Eighth Wonder_. This particular still came from the digital version destributed by the late Carl Schlesinger. A cleaned-up version of this film is now available on Doug Wilson's http:://printingfilms.com Public Domain Mergenthaler Linotype pantograph, shown in 1923 in _The Linotype Bulletin_ ("The Autobiography of a Capital B"). From the Google scan of the Univ. of Michigan copy, via The Hathi Trust. Hathi ID mdp.39015086794065. Public Domain. ----- Punch engraving department at the Intertype plant in Brooklyn, 1966. These photographs were taken by Stan O. Coutant in 1966. He published them on his website (www.coutant.org/intertype/index.html); they are no longer there. They have been reprinted with his permission on Dave Hughes' metaltype.co.uk website. http://metaltype.co.uk/wpress/intertype-factory-1966/ They are in copyright, and I haven't actually asked permission to use this photograph here. They are not, therefore, covered by the Creative Commons license which applies to this presentation generally. Grant & Legros pantograph. From Legros & Grant (1916), Plate 9, Fig. 163. Scanned by me from the original. Public Domain. ----- Patent images from James William Lewis' US Patents 787,197 (filed 1903), 798,354 (filed 1904) and 839,011 (filed 1905). Public Domain. ----- Gursch and Bernert matrizenbohrmaschinen, from Wernicke's 1909 article in _Klimsch's Jahrbuch_. Pages 35 and 40. Digitized by Google. Public Domain. ----- Photograph of a matrix engraving pantograph at the Museum für Druckkunst, Leipzig. Taken by Patrick Goossens in 2016. License: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International Mahr. "Der Matrizenbohrer." Originally this image appeared in Mahr's _Der Druckbuchstabe_ (1928). It was one of three images from that book used and published in the US in the Bauer foundry's 1937 booklet _The Human Touch_. Mahr's original is still in copyright, but the Bauer 1937 US publication is in the Public Domain. This image is scanned from the Bauer 1937 US version. ----- An unidentified pantograph, formerly at Deberny & Peignot, at the Musée Renaudot, Loudon, France. Photograph by Patrick Goossens. License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 ----- Engravers' and Printers' Machinery Company Model D rotary-spindle engraving machine. From [E&PM Pantograph] _American Machinist_ (1919). Digitized by Google. Public Domain. Gorton 3-K Matrix Machine. From Gorton Form 1385 (1935 edition). Scanned by me from my copy. Public Domain. Note: This is a low-resolution image from the back of a Gorton catalog that I own. The catalog for the 3-K itself is Gorton Booklet/Form 1242. Better-resolution scans of this booklet are online on the gorton-machine.org website. ----- A floor-standing model Preis pantograph engraving machine, from Preis' Catalog No. 67 (1967). Public Domain. Photograph of Scott Moore's Preis taken by me at the 2014 APA Wayzgoose at the Hamilton Wood Type Museum, Two Rivers, WI. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 Extract in image form of the Ogata entry from the _Official Catalogue of the Third Machine Tool Exhibition_, Sydney, Australia (1965). This catalog is still in copyright, but is online at: users.beagle.com.au/lathefan/1965%20machine%20tool%20exhibition.pdf This extract is within the limits of "Fair Use" under US copyright law. Photograph of Rimmer's Ogata RS-260 at GreenBoatHouse Press by me. Thanks to Jason Dewinetz for permission to take it. License: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 ----- Linotype advertisement, "Type Character II" (cropped from). From _The Inland Printer_, Vol. 108, No. 6 (March 1942): 26. Scanned by me from the University of Wisconsin copy. Public Domain. Portrait of Daniel Berkeley Updike, from his obituary, "Genius of Daniel Berkeley Updike is a Priceless Heritage." _The Inland Printer_, Vol. 108, No. 6 (March 1942): 43. Public Domain. ----- Image of an extract from p. 11 of Daniel Berkeley Updike's From the digitization by the Wellcome Library. Available on The Internet Archive (ID b29979900_0001). Extracted from the jp2 format original scan. Public Domain. ----- Goudy at work. From Lewis' _Behind the Type: The Life Story of Frederic W. Goudy_. (1941), p. 26. Public Domain. ----- Six images on two slides of pages from the George Bruce Letter-Foundry's 1828 _Specimen of Printing Types_. Digitized by Google from the New York Public Library copy and available via The Hathi Trust. Hathi ID: nyp.33433006349736. Public Domain. ----- Composite image of types from the 1857 Cincinnati Type Foundry specimen book. These images are used with the permission of Dave Peat. License: Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 ----- Two pages from the 1870 Cincinnati Type Foundry specimen book. Digitized by Google from the NYPL copy. Hathi ID: nyp.33433000823397. Public Domain. ----- Three showings and one additional page from the 1895/6 American Type Founders Co. "Collective" Specimen book. Scanned by me from a library copy of the Garland reprint. Public Domain. ----- "THIS IS NOT PI" advertisement, Inland Type Foundry. From _The Inland Printer_, VOl. 13, No. 3 (June 1894): 194. Digitized by Google from the University of Michigan copy and available via The Hathi Trust. Hathi ID: mdp.39015086781518. Public Domain. ----- Image of Caslon's 1734 specimen. From Wikimedia Commons: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caslon-schriftmusterblatt.jpeg Public Domain. ----- Actually, this isn't a "real" cottage. It is the "Boudoir" of Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, built for her in the rustic "Hameau de la Reine" on the grounds of Versailles. Photograph by Wikimedia Commons user "Starus." https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Boudoir_au_Hameau_de_la_Reine_(1).jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. Photograph of the Palace of Versailles, panoramic view from the park, by Samuli Suomi. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Versaillespanoraama2.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported. ----- Don Knuth. At Open Content Alliance 2005. Photo by Jacob Appelbaum. License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 Generic. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:KnuthAtOpenContentAlliance.jpg TeX logo. By Wikimedia Commons user Alejo2083. Public Domain. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TeX_logo.svg TeX was formerly a trademark of the American Mathematical Society. Abandoned 1985. METAFONT logo By "Mwtoews" https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:METAFONT_logo.svg Public Domain. The name "METAFONT" was formerly a registered trademark of Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. Cancelled 1993. Douglas Hofstadter. By flickr user null0. Taken on May 13, 2006 https://www.flickr.com/photos/null0/271946418/ License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 This version as cropped and presented on Wikimedia Commons: "https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_Hofstadter,_Stanford_2006_(crop).jpg" G E B autologlyph By Max Braun, photographed using 3-D printed versions from Shapeways. https://www.flickr.com/photos/maxbraun/3196699274 Taken on January 14, 2009 License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 An autological word is a self-describing word. An autologlyph is a self-describing image. ----- The quote from Don Knuth ("The best way to understand something...") is from "The Concept of a Meta-Font," p. 291 in the version as reprinted in his _Digital Typography_. I have no idea what the source of the Mitch Ratcliffe quote is. ----- The Kitchen Sink. From the 1948 Kohler Company publication _Plumbing Fixtures of Kohler: 75th Anniversary_. Page 98. Available online at The Internet Archive https://archive.org/details/PlumbingFixturesOfKohler75thAnniversary Public Domain.