If you know nothing of how printing types are made, then the best two introductions are, perhaps, Paul Koch's "The Making of Printing Types" (1933) and Beatrice Warde's "Cutting Types for the Machines" (1935), both of which are available online.
The two traditional sources (in English) for making type by hand are Moxon's Mechanick Exercises (Vol. II, on Printing; 1683-4) and Fournier's Manuel Typographique (1764; in French, but translated into English in 1930 by Harry Carter). The most important modern sources, covering machine typemaking methods, are the papers/books by Legros (1908, 1916) and Rehak's Practical Typecasting (1993).
Smeijers' book Counterpunch, and the altogether too brief articles by Drost ("Punch Cutting Demonstration") and Nelson ("Mold Making, Matrix Fitting, and Hand Casting") have important illustrations of hand type making processes. Harry Carter's A View of Early Typography has an authoritative overview of the state of knowledge of pre-1600 typefounding.
For the machine methods, Legros and Rehak aside, some of the best (and nearly the only original) sources are the patents of Linn Boyd Benton and others at American Type Founders.
Several works have appeared in German since the 18th century, and a few (other than Fournier) in French. I list them below, but am just copying bibliography as I cannot read German or French. Paul Duensing, in his Preface to Rehak's Practical Typecasting, recommends Bohadti, Die Buchdruck Letter (1954).
Many of the other citations below are quite minor - sometimes as little as a reference to an advertisement that contains a nice illlustration. Some of the online material is ephemeral and may be gone by the time you read this; but the old printed books are getting harder to find, too.
For the history and design of typefaces, see Bibliography (For the History and Design of Typefaces). A few items appear, unsystematically, both here and there.
[?] "An Invention for Setting, Rubbing and Dressing Type by Power." The Inland Printer. Vol. 2, No. 9 (June 1885): 377-378.
This remarkable article manages to describe both hand methods and a new machine, and the economics of this machine in the industry, without once identifying the machine itself. Only a note buried on p. 414 in the "Of Interest to the Craft" column identifies it as the invention of William H. Welch, 73 Olive Street, Boston.
[?, British and Colonial Printer and Stationer]. "A Chronology of Typefounding." in The Inland Printer. Vol. 3, No. 8 (May, 1886): 457-458.
Includes 19th century developments of Pouchée, and Johnson & Atkinson. Curiously, although this is 1886, it mentions no date later than 1862.
[?] Die Schriftgiesserei. [?]: [?], 1869.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. xiv. I haven't seen it (and can't read German).
[?] Kurze doch Nützlich Anleitung von Form- und Stahl-Schneiden. Erfurt: Elias Sauerländer, 1754.
Cited in Carter's Fournier on Typefounding, p. 3. Curiously, Rehak does not mention this book. I haven't seen it (and can't read German).
[?] "The Early History of British Typefounding." The Inland Printer. Vol. 2, No. 11 (Aug. 1885): 490-491.
Reprinted from The British and Colonial Printer and Stationer. Nontechnical.
[?] The History of Printing from Its Beginnings to 1930. The Subject Catalog of the American Type Founders Company Library in the Columbia University Libraries. Millwood, NY: Kraus International Publications, 1980.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. 215. I haven't yet read it.
"Business Notices [column]." The Inland Printer. Vol. 3, No. 6 (March 1886): 368.
Adoption of gas to melt type-metal, by the Manhatten Type Foundry.
[?] "The Patent Type-founding vs. Richard and another." Journal of the Franklin Institute Vol. 71, No. 421 (Third Series. Vol. 41, No. 1 (January 1861). Philadelphia: The Franklin Institute, 1861. pp. 414-415.
A copy of the London Mechanics' Magazine, March 1861 article on the patent litigation of the Patent Type-Founding Company (started by John R. Johnson) in defense of Johnson's GB patent 817 of 1854-04-07 "Improvements in the manufacture of type and other raised surfaces for printing" (for a Tin/Antimony typemetal potentially without lead). Online via Google Books.
[?]. "[The Printer's Devil]" Quarterly Review. Vol. 65, No. 129 (1839): 1-30. London: Clowes, 1939.
Nominally, this article is a review of two books, Charles Knight. The Printer. London. and "Printing in the Fifteenth and in the Nineteenth Centuries" in Penny Magazine. No. 369. It presents, however, a lengthy account of the typemaking and printing process framed as a visit to the Clowes' establishment (who printed it). Unless the material is actually from Knight or the Penny Magazine, this may be the origin of the account of typefounders as doing "St. Vitus' Dance." Online via Google Books.
[?] "What Makes Durable Type-Metal?" The Inland Printer. Vol. 2, No. 3 (Dec. 1884): 132.
This is a report from the Printers' Circular, refuting a position taken by the Typographic Advertiser. Basically 19th century type-metal folklore. It argues that hard type metal is bad (causing serifs to break), and being foisted upon an unsuspecting public because antimony is cheaper than tin or copper. It prefers "tough" typemetal wherein tin and copper are "freely used."
[?] "How Type is Made." The Inland Printer. Vol. 2, No. 5 (Feb. 1885): 214.
A brief popular account, copied from the Philadelphia Times. Does mention the presence of copper among the raw materials seen.
[?] "Items of Interest [column]." The Inland Printer. Vol. 3, No. 2 (Nov. 1885): 114.
"An expert typefounder can rub two sides of 287,000 agate type in six working days."
agit-prop, Flickr photostream; see http://www.flickr.com/photos/agit-prop/; for example: http://www.flickr.com/photos/agit-prop/with/424698448/ Accessed 2008-11-15.
Two photographs of punches at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp, including one close-up of a swash-tailed Q.
American Society for Metals, Taylor Lyman, ed. Metals Handbook. Cleveland, OH: The American Society for Metals, 1948.
{ATF 1923} American Type Founders Company. Specimen Book and Catalog. Jersey City, NJ: American Type Founders Company, 1923.
Illustrates Benton matrix engraver and Barth automatic caster.
Annenberg, Maurice. Type Foundries of America and their Catalogs. Baltimore, MD: Maran Publishing Services, 1975.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. 215. Essential.
Audin, Marius. Histoire de L'Imprimerie par L'Image: Tome I - L'Histoire et La Technique. Pris: Henre Jonquières, 1928.
Alas, I have no idea what the text says, but the illustrations include a French-style hand-mold ("Outillage de fonderie au XIXe siècle. d'après un dessin de Tellier, gravé par Lacost."), an engraving of a presumably early 19th century type foundry, two small photographs of a 20th century French type foundry, and an engraving of a 19th century French typecasting machine, "système Baudouin."
Bachmann, J. H. Die Schriftgiesserei. Leipzig: [?], 1869.
Cited in Carter's edition of Fournier, p. xi. I haven't yet read it.
Baines, Phil and Andrew Haslam. Type & Typography. Second Edition. NY: Watson-Guptill Publications division of VNU Business Media, Inc., 2005.
Page 95 of this volume has a set of four photographs collectively titled "Mechanical punchcutting at Monotype, c. 1956." They are courtesy of Agfa Monotype Corp. They show an (illegible) design being drawn, that design being traced/cut onto a wax-coated glass plate using a pantograph engraver, a woman examining the wax plate with the unwanted wax removed, and finally a punchcutting machine (tracer only shown) following the electrotyped pattern made from the wax. It is impossible to see much in the first two photographs. In the third photograph, if it is assumed that the woman is reading the glass plate wax-side toward her, then the images must be intaglio (wax cut away in the letter portion) and reversed. The final photograph shows a tracer tracing the outside of a relief, obverse (right-reading) letterform pattern.
Baines, Phil and Andrew Haslam. Type & Typography. First Edition. NY: Watson-Guptill Publications division of VNU Business Media, Inc., 2002.
Contains the same illustration as the 2005 second edition, but on p. 77.
Barth, Henry and Ernst Lietze. "Type Casting and Finishing Machine." U.S. Patent No. 376,765. 1888-01-24.
--- and ---. "Type Casting and Finishing Machine." U.S. Patent No. 392,710. 1888-11-13.
The Barth and Lietze patents 376,765 and 392,710 are the basic patents for the Barth Type Casting Machine used first by Barth's Cincinnati Type Foundry and then by ATF.
---. "Type-Casting." U.S. Patent No. 708,010/ 1902-09-02.
Vacuum type casting.
Benton, Linn Boyd. "The Making of Type." [a chapter in] Hitchcock, Frederick H., ed. The Building of a Book. First edition. (NY: The Grafton Press, 1906) pp. 31-40.
The first edition is available online via Google Books. There was also a second edition (NY: R. R. Bowker, 1929).
---. "Mold for Casting Printers' Leads." U.S. Patent No. 254,792. 1882-03-14.
Is this Benton's first patent?
---, and Isaac Baas, Jr. "Type-Mold" U.S. Patent No. 326,009. 1885-09-08.
A mold for typecasting machines. Baas' name actually comes first on the Specification.
---. "Punch Cutting Machine." U.S. Patent No. 332,990. 1885-12-22.
{Cost 1994, p. 30} identifies 1885 as the date of the patent of Benton's third punch cutting machine; this must be it. It shows a single-column machine (although Rehak (p. 126) illustrates a machine from 1884 that is mechanically similar, down to the same use of a watchmaker's lathe headstock, with two columns). Engraves punches with cutter below punch. See Benton's patent 809,548 (1906-01-09) for a later version.
---. "Tool-Grinder." U.S. Patent No. 422,874. 1890-03-04.
I think this must be the first tool grinder patent for Benton's punch (later punch/matrix) engraving machines. See Benton's patent 774,030 (1900-05-05) for a later version.
---. "Type-Dressing Machine." U.S. Patent No. 680,685. 1901-08-20.
---. "Type [Imitating Hand Engraving]." U.S. Patent No. 720,314. 1903-02-10.
---. "Grinding-Machine." U.S. Patent No. 774,030. 1900-05-05.
A tool grinding machine for the punch and matrix engravers. See Benton's patent 422,874 for an earlier version.
---. "Tracing Apparatus." U.S. Patent No. 790,172. 1905-05-16.
Pantograph engraving machine for metal patterns for punch/matrix cutting.
---. "Matrix and Punch Cutting Machine." U.S. Patent No. 809,548 1906-01-09.
This machine is a two-column machine similar to the "No. 55" shown on Cost's blog. It engraves matrices with the cutter above the matrix. Note that Legros (1908) illustrates a machine which seems to be intermediate between this and the earlier ones (the machine in Legros is two-column, but the tool is below the workpiece). See Benton's patent 332,990 (1885-12-22) for an earlier version.
---. "Matrix-Trimming and Similar Machine." U.S. Patent No. 819,842. 1906-05-08.
---. "Automatic Type-Casting Machine." U.S. Patent No. 851,855. 1907-04-30.
Improvements on the Barth Type Casting Machine.
---. "[Matrix] Depth-Gauge." U.S. Patent No. 931,253 1909-08-17.
---. "Parallel Liner." U.S. Patent No. 1,066,576. 1913-07-13.
For marking parallel lines.
---. "Apparatus for Cutting Matrices. U.S. Patent No. 1,068,478. 1913-07-29.
I must look further at this one; I don't understand it yet.
---. "Type-Casting Machine." U.S. Patent No. 1,115,773. 1914-11-03.
More improvements on the Barth.
Benton, Morris Fuller. "Automatic Metal-Feed for Type-Casting Machine." U.S. Patent No. 1,272,193. 1918-07-09.
---. "Fonting Apparatus. U.S. Patent No. 1,418,057. 1922-04-30.
Bohadti, Gustav. Die Buchdruck Letter. Berlin: [?], 1954.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. xiv as a "greatly expanded and more detailed" version of Hoffmann's Die Schriftgiesser; Ein Lehrbuch für das Gewerbe (1927). I haven't seen it (and can't read German).
Brightly, Charles. The Method of Founding Stereotype. Bungay, Suffolk: C. Brightly for R. Phillips, 1809.
Reprinted together with Thomas Hodgson's An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Stereotype Printing. John Bidwell, ed., Michael L. Turner, intro. (NY: Garland Publishing, 1982.)
"The first object of attention, in this department [composing for stereotype platemaking], is the form of the type most convenient for casting plates. In new founts the letter-founder should be directed to leave the body of the letter square from the foot to the shoulder; the leads and spaces corresponding in height with the shoulder of the letter; so that, when standing together in a page, the whole may form one solid mass, with no other cavities than what are formed by the face of the letter." (p. 9).
Bruce, David, Jr. "Machine for Smoothing the Sides of Type." U.S. Patent No. 631. 1838-03-10.
---. "Machine for Casting Printing Types." U.S. Patent No. 632. 1838-03-17.
Generally cited as the beginning of practical machine type casting in America.
---. "Improvement in Type-Casting Machines." U.S. Patent No. 3,324. 1843-11-06.
The Bruce Type Caster in recognizable form.
---. "Improvement in Type-Smoothing Machines." U.S. Patent No. 5,483. 1848-03-28.
---. "Improvement in Type Machines." U.S. Patent No. 80448. 1868-07-28.
Breaking off the jet.
---. "Improvement in Type-Casting Machines." U.S. Patent No. 83,828. 1868-11-10.
Improvements in the motion works of the Bruce Type Casting Machine.
Bruckner, D. J. R. Frederic Goudy. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1990.
This includes several photographs of Goudy's matrix engraving equipment not present in Goudy's own Typologia.
Carter, Harry G. A View of Early Typography. (The Lyell Lectures, 1968) Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, 1969.
This summarizes (with some authority) the state of knowledge as of 1968 of early typefounding in all aspects (from the punch on). It also has a good illustration of an English hand mold from 1850.
---. "Letter Design and Typecutting." Journal of the Royal Society of Arts. Vol. CII (1953-11-27 to 1954-11-12) No. 4935 (Friday, 1st October 1953): 878-895.
This contains some technical detail, and a photograph of punchcutting at the bench, but has more on letter design than on punchcutting.
Carter, Sebastian. Twentieth Century Type Designers. Second Edition. NY: W. W. Norton, 1995.
Uncharacteristically for a late 20th century writer, he frequently cites foundry names and even punchcutters and matrix engravers. This is good.
Cochrane, Charles H. "Type and Type Founding." Encyclopedia Americana. NY: Encyclopedia Americana Corp., 1920. Vol. 27, pages 236-238.
Cost, Patricia A. "Linn Boyd Benton, Morris Fuller Benton, and Typemaking at ATF." Printing History. Nos. 31/32: 27-44.
Available online at: http://www.printinghistory.org/htm/journal/articles/31-32-Cost-Benton.pdf Until Cost's book comes out, this is the best source available for information about the Bentons.
---. "The Bentons: How an American Father and Son Changed the Type Industry." [Blog] http://patriciacost.wordpress.com/
She has photographed the No. 55 Benton Matrix Engraver at the Dale Guild Type Foundry (entry for: February 22, 2008).
De Vinne, Theodore Low. The Practice of Typography: A Treatise on the Proces sof Type-Making[,] the Point System, and the Names, Sizes[,] Styles and Prices of Plain Printing Types. NY: The Century Co., 1900.
This may be the best-known work on the subject, after Moxon. It contains a general technical overview of punches and typefounding. It illustrates (nicely) the hand mold, and the Bruce type-casting machine & the Barth type-casting machine (indeed, the illustrations here seem to be the ones commonly seen elsewhere).
Diderot, Denis and Jean le Rond d'Alembert. Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers. Vol. 2. Paris, 1752. Article: CHARACTERES D'IMPRIMERIE, p. 650-666
The French "Wikisource" site has the Encyclopédie online, including at least the text of this earticle, at http://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclopédie,_ou_Dictionnaire_raisonné_des_sciences,_des_arts_et_des_métiers (they probably have the plates, too, but I don't read French and haven't yet been able to find them). There is also another online version (text only, I think; in French) at http://diderot.alembert.free.fr At the time of writing (October 2008), Google Books has only later editions of volumes other than II.
Cited by Carter in his edition of Fournier, p. xi, as article: Caractère.
[Southward, John, and Hugh Munro Ross.] "Typography." Encyclopædia Britannica. Eleventh Edition, NY: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 1911. Vol. 27, pages 509-548.
Drost, Henk. "Punch Cutting Demonstration." Visible Language. Vol. XIX, No. 1 (Winter 1985): 98-105.
An essential series of photographs of the process.
{Americana 1920} Encyclopedia Americana. NY: The Encyclopedia Americana Corp., 1920.
Available online via Google Books.
[English Cyclopædia] Arts and Sciences, or, Fourth Division of "The English Cyclopædia" "Conducted by Charles Knight." Vol. 6. London: Bradbury, Evans and Co., 1867.
The article "Printing" contains a woodcut of a type mold, closed, jet up (unpaginated, but numbered with two columns per page; this is in column 749). It is the same woodcut, and the same article, which appeared in Knight's 1843 Penny Cyclopædia.
This contains a woodcut of a type mold, closed, jet up. It is the same illustration (indeed, the same article) which appears in Knight's English Cyclopædia (1867).
[Eaton and Lyon] "A Type-Rubbing Machine." ["Items of Interest" column] The Inland Printer. Vol. 2, No. 1 (Oct. 1884): 45.
Seems mostly involved with moving the type between grinding positions.
Fournier, le jeune. [Pierre Simon] Manuel Typographique Utile aux Gens De Lettres. Tome II. Paris: J. Barbou, 1766.
Available online via Google Books. Regrettably (for the matter at hand), Tome II merely illustrates many typefaces; it does not really concern typefounding. It looks as if Google has scanned Tome I, but as of the time of writing (Oct. 2008) they haven't released it.
---. Fournier on Typefounding: The Text of the Manuel Typographique (1964-1768) translated into English by Harry Carter. London: The Soncino Press, 1930 (and 60 copies sold in the U.S. by Random House).
Note that while the title says that this is "the text" of Fournier (and it is), it does also include reproductions of the illlustrations.
Also note that Smeijers reproduces and comments upon some of Fournier.
---. The Manual Typographique of Pierre-Simon Fournier le jeune: Together with Fournier on Typefounding, an English Translation of the Text by Harry Carter. Introduction and Notes by James Mosley. 3 vols. Darmstadt: Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, 1985.
Freier, Paul. "Herstellung der Schrift." [machine translation: "Production of writing"] which is a chapter within "Technik des Buchdruckgewerbes: Tecknik des Satzes Schriftherstellung" in J. Bass, Das Buchdruckerbuch: Studien- unc Nachschlagewerk - Fachbuch für Buchdruck und Verwandte Gewrbe. Stuttgart: Deutscher fachseitshcriften- und Fachbuch-Verlag, 1953.
At times such as this I wish I wasn't so illiterate and could in fact read the languages of the world. This book as a whole is a large, general survey of all aspects of printing. The chapter in question seems to cover all aspects of the making of type, including punches, matrices, handcasting, machine casting, and dressing. The illustrations, at least, include: machine-cut punches and matrices and type made from them, a press for sinking punches (with a quite extraordinary lever), some form of electrotyping, a horizontal pantograph matrix engraver, casting in the hand mold and with what looks like a pivotal caster, an automatic foundry caster (Bauersche Giesserei; not a Kustermann or a Barth), You never actually see the press illustrated, and I would never have guessed that the lever would be this disproportionately long.
Fry, Stephen, presenter. The Medieval Season [series, aka The Medieval Mind], Stephen Fry and the Gutenberg Press [episode; aka "Stephen Fry and the Machine that Made Us" or simply "The Machine that Made Us"]. BBC4 documentary film aired in 2008. See: http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/medieval/gutenberg.html
According to a review by Stephen O. Saxe, "The Machine that Made Us" (printed or possibly reprinted in The Printer. Vol. 20, NO. 248 (October 2008): "... Fry is aided by Stan Nelson, who is probably more expert in early methods of typecasting than anyone else. With Stephen Fry looking over his shoulder, we see Stan filing the punch for a lower-case "e," making a smoke proof, striking a matrix, and finlly casting the letter. Stan had proposed that these typefounding scenes be shot at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, but for budgetary reasons they were finally recorded at an old blacksmith's shop in England near alan May's home. And while the lower-case 'e' shown being made is eventually inserted into the final form, the rest of the page was made up from Theo Rehak and Andy Waring's B-42 type, cast in New Jersey at Dale Guild. This font is the closes we have to Bible type that Gutenberg produced." (p. 6)
It shows Nelson casting in what looks to be a hand mold of his making (lovely shiny brass). It shows the movement of the mold for various sets, very nicely. Note also the protective glove he wears. Interestingly, he does not shake the mold when casting. He also uses a pick separate from the mold. They omit finishing/dressing the type. The punchcutting segment shows Fry at a bench with a file, but is not very detailed. The matrix driving segment shows the punch being hammered into a matrix, but does not show the matrix being justified.
Fuhrmann, Otto W. "The Invention of Printing." in The Dolphin: A Journal of the Making of Books. No. 3. NY: The Limited Editions Club, 1938. Pages 25-57.
Available online at Carnegie-Mellon University's Posner Library: http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/
Is critical of Mori on grounds which doubt reconstructive archaeology in general.
Gaskell, Philip. A New Introduction to Bibliography. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972.
A very complete overview of typemaking, and of all phases of traditional and machine printing and book-making. Recommended by James Mosley in his blog (April 2007), but see also the blog for notes on problems in the drawing of a type mold here.
Gessner, Christian Friedrich. Die so Nöthig als nützliche Buchdruckerkunst und Schriftgiesserey. Leipzig: [?], 1740.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. xiii. I haven't seen it (and can't read German).
Goudy, Frederic W. "On Designing a Type Face." in The Dolphin: A Journal of the Making of Books. No. 1. NY: The Limited Editions Club, 1933. Pages 3-23.
Available online at Carnegie-Mellon University's Posner Library: http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/
---, and Maurice Kellerman (director). The Creation of a Printing Type: From the Design to the Print by Frederic W. Goudy. "A Paramount Picture presented by Adolph Zukor."
This shows Goudy at work drawing a letter, cutting the cardstock pattern for it, pantograph-engraving the working pattern, and cutting the matrix (a Monotype display caster matrix). The matrix is then used to cast type, and Goudy prints it on a hand press. A tiny version of this film is online at: http://www.TypeCulture.org/ Streaming video doesn't work well in all browsers, though. If it helps, the real RTSP address is: rtsp://streaming.typeculture.org/streaming.typeculture.org/Goucy_stream.mov
---. Typologia. Berkeley, CA: The University of California Press, 1940.
Reprinted in paperback by the UC Press in 1977. Goudy's methods were slightly unconventional. This volume includes several photographs of his pantograph engraver for patterns, patterns, matrix engraver, and matrix engraver cutting tool sharpeners (it appears he used both the old and new style Benton sharpening devices).
Hansard, T. C. The Art of Printing Edinburgh: Adam and Charles Black, 1851.
Extracted from the Encyclopædia Britannica, with additions on lithographic printing by William Nichol. Not much here, really. Available online via Google Books.
Hochleitner, Michael ("wasianed"), Flickr photostream; see http://www.flickr.com/photos/wasianed/; for example: http://www.flickr.com/photos/wasianed/2454903602/ Accessed 2008-11-15.
Several photographs of punches, nd molds at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp, including Guy Hutsebaut demonstrating a hand mold.
Hodgson, Thomas An Essay on the Origin and Progress of Stereotype Printing. Newcastle: Printed by and for S. Hodgson, 1820.
Reprinted together with Charles Brightley's The Method of Founding Stereotype. John Bidwell, ed., Michael L. Turner, intro. (NY: Garland Publishing, 1982.)
"... the types must have been prepared for the purpose, in the same manner as at present; - the shoulders of the types* have not been dressed off, and the spaces and quadrats, together with the leads put between the lines, have been cast of the exact height of the shoulder, and rendered square on the top, thus making the page, when composed, present a smooth and solid body immediately below the neck of the type." [original footnote:] "* The shoulders of a type are the square corners of the shank, or body, immediately below the neck; they are usually dressed off at an angle..." (p. 51)
Hoffmann, Hermann and Gustav Bohadti. Die Schriftgiesser; Ein Lehrbuch für das Gewerbe. [?]: Association of German Type Foundries, 1927.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. xiv. I haven't seen it (and can't read German).
Höger, Karl. Aus eigener Kraft! Gie Geschichte eines Österreichischen Arbeitervereines. [machine translation: "From Own Strength: The History of an Austrian Workers' Association] Wien: Niederösterreichischen Buchdrucker- und schriftgiesser-Vereines (Karl Miess), 1892.
Contains a plate illustrating "Das Innere einer Wiener Schriftgiesserei anfangs des XIX Jahrhunderts" [The inside of a Vieneese writing-foundry at the beginning of the 19th century]
Hopper, A. Raymond. "Fitting: A Vital Step in the Perfecting of a Type Face." in The Inland Printer. 119 (April 1947).
Cited in {Cost 1994]. GET.
Hunter, Dard. "Seventeenth-Century Typemaking." in The Quarterly Notebook. Vol. 1, No. 3 (October, 1916).
Google Books has digitized this but not yet (2009-12) released it. It has been reprinted in Thompson, Jack C., ed. A Dard Hunter Reader. (Portland, OR: The Caber Press / Thompson Conservation Laboratories, 2000): 65-71.
Hurst, C. A. and F. R. Lawrence. Letterpress: Composition and Machine-Work. London: Ernest Benn, Ltd., 1963
Very brief mention of the Nodis Rapid Caster (pp. 23-24) and the Nebitype (p. 27). Not otherwise noteworthy, save that this was the first reference I saw to the Nodis Rapid Caster.
Huss, Richard E. The Development of Printers' Mechanical Typesetting Methods. Charlottesville, VA: The University Press of Virginia for the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, 1973.
Many "typesetting" machines have also been type/linecasting machines, of course, but Huss goes further than this and discusses (briefly) foundry typecasters, sorts casters, and display casting machines.
---. Dr. Church's "Hoax": An Assessment of Dr. William Church's Typographical Inventions in which is enunciated Church's Law. Lancaster, PA: Graphic Crafts, Inc.
Huss analyzes an 1822 system of inventions by Church for rapidly casting type on demand, composing it (although the problem of justification was not solved), printing from it, and then avoiding distribution by melting and recasting it.
---. The Printer's Composition Matrix: A History of Its Origin and Development.. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Books, 1985.
Essential, although a survey of methods and devices rather than a practical treatise.
Jahn, Hugo. Hand Composition. NY: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1931.
Although this is a general work on printing, it has an interesting section on Gutenberg (and Coster), and in particular on the earlier lead matrices that, in the theories of Gustav Mori, Gutenberg may have used. He illustrates modern reconstructions of these. He also illustrates "an old han-mold." This mold looks to have too little wood on it to hold comfortably, but may be one of the German pattern as opposed to the French pattern with which I am more familiar from Fournier and Moxon.
josepatau, Flickr photostream; see http://www.flickr.com/photos/pepel/; for example: http://www.flickr.com/photos/pepel/254245306/ Accessed 2008-11-15.
Several photographs of punches, matrices, and molds at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp, including a cabinet full of molds and the Letter Foundry room.
Johnson, J. R. "On Certain Improvements in the Manufacture of Printing Types." in The Society of Arts of the Institutions in Union. Journal of the Society of Arts of the Institutions in Union and Official Record of Annual International Exhibitions. Vol. 21 (1872-11-22 to 1873-11-14). London: Published for the Society by George Bell and Sons, 1873. Vol. 21, No. 1061 (March 21, 1873): 330-336 (discussion pp. 336-338). Vol. 21, No. 1068 (May 9, 1873), p. 486, letter by R. M. Gill defending the British type casting industry against Johnson's criticisms.
This is an interesting paper not only for the information it has on type casting machines, but for incidental remarks on the methods employed by hand casters to ensure that their hand molds are in fact properly closed for casting. According to Johnson, the English caster employs the sense of touch, and the French caster the sense of hearing. (He says that the English hand casters who objected to machine methods thought that well-cast type was unnecessary for "Gothic" German letters and that the Americans "would, in order to have cheap newspapers, put up with anything."
Available via Google Books in this volume of the Journal of the Society of Arts (see below). Note that in a delightfully surreal touch Google notes this journal as that of the "Winnipeg Science Fiction Society."
Kaup, W. J. "Modern Automatic Type Making." in American Machinist. 32 (December 16, 1909).
Cited in {Cost 1994]. GET.
Koch, Paul. "The Making of Printing Types." Trans. Otto W. Fuhrmann. in The Dolphin: A Journal of the Making of Books. No. 1. NY: The Limited Editions Club, 1933. Pages 24-57.
Available online at Carnegie-Mellon University's Posner Library: http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/
Rehak cites this in the bibliography of Practical Typecasting with the title "The Punch."
Kubler, George A. A New History of Stereotyping. NY: [by the author?], 1941.
Cites James Conner as first to electrotype matrices (pp. 161-162). Has brief discussions of other 19th c. American typefounders.
Lanston [Monotype] Machine Company. Display Caster Operator's Manual. Philadelphia, PA: Lanston [Monotype] Machine Company, [n.d.].
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. 215. I haven't yet read it.
---. Monotype Machine Plate Book. Philadelphia, PA: Lanston [Monotype] Machine Company, [n.d.].
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. 215. I haven't yet read it. I'm wondering if this isn't the same as Detail Plates of Monotype Casting Machine (London: Lanston Monotype Corp., Ltd., 1907)?
---. The Monotype System. Philadelphia, PA: Lanston Monotype Machine Company, 1912.
Legros, Lucien Alphonse and John Cameron Grant. Typographical Printing Surfaces. London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1916.
As of 2008-10-21, Google Books had scanned this but not released it. Apparently there was also a reprint (NY: Garland Publishing, 1980).
Lawson, Alexander. Anatomy of a Typeface. Boston, MA: David R. Godine, 1990.
A good study of type, but particularly useful because he documents (almost incidentally) the relationships between the artist-designers and the typefoundries and composing/casting machine companies who commissioned and produced the designs. There's a lot of history of the hot metal era hiding in his offhand remarks.
Legros, Lucien A. "Typecasting and Composing Machinery."
Published in two versions (at least), both of which are available online via Google Books:
(1) ["Excerpts Minutes of Proceedings of the Meeting of The Institution of Mechanical Engineers in London, 18th December, 1908."] London: The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1908. (The reproduction of this version in Google Books is much better than that of the next version.)
(2) Proceedings [of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers]. 1908, Parts 3-4. London: The Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1908. Pages 1027-1222. The reproduction of this version in Google Books is poorer than that of the previous version, and several of the plates are incomplete (it looks as if they were photographed while being turned).
Essential. Emphasis on machine methods. Includes geometrical analysis of Benton's cutting tools.
Loy, William E. "Designers and Engravers of Type: No. 14 - David Bruce." The Inland Printer. Vol. 22, No. 6 (March 1899): 701.
Mallinson, David. "Henry Lewis Bullen and the Typographic Library and Museum of the American Type Founders Company." Dissertation, Columbia University, 1976.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. 215. I haven't yet read it.
Marder, Luse and Co. "Standard Measurement." The Inland Printer. Vol. 2, No. 7 (Apr. 1885): 299.
This is the original publication of "The American System of Interchangeable Type Bodies."
Mergenthaler Linotype Company. The Legibility of Type. Brooklyn, NY: The Mergenthaler Linotype Company, 1935.
Contains several illustrations of matrix engraving at (US) Linotype. Some of these are clearly the models for the drawn illustrations in Warde's "Cutting Types for the Machines" (see below).
Mori, Gustav. "The Essence of Gutenberg's Invention." Ars Typographica. Vol. II, No. 2 (October, 1925): 101-144. NY: Douglas C. McMurrie, 1925.
Available online (from the Univ. of Michigan copy) at the Hathi Trust. (Google Books has it, too, but has not yet (2008) released it.)
The blog of James Mosley, http://typefoundry.blogspot.com
Exceptional. January 2006 has an exhaustive list of places preserving typefounding materials. February 2007 has a definitive treatment of the origins of Scotch Roman. March 2007, March 2008, July 2008 on large brass and lead matrices. April 2007 on Drawing the Type Mould. August 2007 on casting from Bodoni's moulds. Many really good photographs of punches and matrices throughout.
Moxon, Joseph. Mechanick Exercises [the Second Volume]: Or, the Doctrine of Handy-Works Applied to the Art of Printing. London: [for the author], 1683-1684. Reprinted as Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing Ed. Herbert Davis and Harry Carter. Second edition (1962). NY: Dover Publications, 1978.
The first volume of Moxon's Mechanick Exercises concerned blacksmithing, joinery, turning, and the like; while it is perhaps the most important historical document in the history of technology in English, it does not concern the matters of this Notebook. The second volume, on printing, has as sections: "The Art of Printing," "The Art of Letter-Cutting," "The Art of Mold-Making, Sinking the Matrices, Cating and Dresing of Printing Letters," "The Compositors Trade," and "The Press-Mans Trade."
Nelson, R. Stan. From Punch to Printing Type: The Art and Craft of Hand Punchcutting and Typecasting. (Videotape) NY: Columbia University School of Library Service, 1985.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. 215. I haven't yet watched it.
---. "Mold Making, Matrix Fitting, and Hand Casting. Visible Language. Vol. XIX, No. 1 (Winter 1985): 106-121.
Exactly what it says it is. Essential, but too brief.
---. [Personal website] http://www.geocities.com/rsn_website/recreations.html. Accessed October 2008.
---. [See also Stephen Fry, above]
Photographs of punches and hand molds of his construction.
[Nuernberger-Rettig Universal Typecaster, advertisement in] Printing Trades Blue Book [Chicago Edition] Chicago: A. F. Lewis and Co., 1911. P. 165.
Partington, C[harles]. F[rederick]. The Printer's Complete Guide. London: Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper, 1825.
Plate V (p. 16 of the Google PDF of the Harvard copy) illustrates "Henfry [sic, for Henfrey] and Applegath's Type Founding Apparatus." This is described on pp. 284-287 (pp. 109-112 of the Google PDF). Online on Google Books (Harvard copy).
Patau, Jose. See "josepatau", above. (Flickr photostream; photos of Plantin-Moretus Museum.)
Patents, Commissioner of, United Kingdom. B. Woodcroft, ed. Patents for Inventions: Abridgments of Specifications Relating to Printing. London: George E. Eyre and William Spottiswoode, 1859.
Louis John Ponchée, No. 4826 (1823-08-05), "Certain machinery or apparatus to be employed in the casting of metal types." (p. 165; Google PDF p. 186).
John Henfry [sic]and Augustus Applegath, No. 4850 (1823-10-09), "Certain machinery for casting types." (p. 166; Google PDF p. 187).
Online on Google Books (Harvard copy).
Penny Cyclopædia of The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. Vol. 25 ("Titles of HOnour - Ungula") London: Charles Knight and Co., 1843.
This contains a woodcut of a type mold, closed, jet up (p. 455). It is the same illustration (indeed, the same article) which appears in Knight's English Cyclopædia (1867).
Powell, Arthur C. [J.?] A Short History of the Art of Printing in England. London: Joseph M. Powell, "Printers' Register" Office, 1877. ["Issued as a supplement to the "Printers' Register" in Commemoration of the Four Hundredth Anniversary of the Introduction of Printing Into England.]
Illustrates a Bruce-style caster (in a common cut). Illustrates Johnson and Atkinson's Type Caster. Cites makers of type casting machines: Bruce (1834, characterised as a pump for hand casting), Bessember (1838, failed), Bruce (no date, full mechanization), Miller and Richard (1848, introduced Bruce caster to UK and improved it), and Johnson and Atkinson (1859, 1862; type casting and automatic dressing). Also cites Henri Didot, Ponchée, and Brockhaus. Online via Google Books.
Prechtl. Technologische Encyklopädie. Stuttgart: [?], 1850.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. xiv. I haven't seen it (and can't read German).
Pye, Alfred. "Typefounding." The Inland Printer. Vol. 3, No. 1 (October, 1885): 29-30. Vol. 3, No. 2 (November, 1885): 84-85. Vol. 3, No. 3 (December, 1885): 143-144. Vol. 3, No. 4 (January, 1886): 203-204. Vol. 3, No. 5 (February, 1886): 258-259.
This is a relatively conventional account. It is noteworthy, though, for having in No. 3 (p. 144) a reproduction of the illustration from Moxon of a typecaster at a furnace with mold and ladle in hand. This version of this illustration is clearly free from all copyright that might or might not be asserted for reproductions in modern reprints, and is thus extremely important for the amateur writer on typefounding. The cuts in this article (and perhaps also this one from Moxon) are courtesy of Theodore De Vinne (see note on p. 25 of the October number).
This same Number also reproduces a hand mold of a type unlike the French pattern in Fournier or Moxon; it might be of the German type. It is interesting because in place of the male and female gauges it has pins and holes (and it also has wings), and because it has an interesting method of holding the matrix. Moreover, it reproduces illustrations of machine molds for a Bruce-style machine. These latter are the exact same cuts which appear often, elsewhere; it would be worthwhile to track down their origins.
Number 4 (January 1886, p. 203) has a good illustration of a Bruce-style typecasting machine - a much better cut than many which appeared later.
Reed, Talbot Baines. A History of the Old English Letter Foundries. London: Elliot Stock, 1887.
Available online via Google Books.
Rehak, Theo. The Dale Guild Type Founry. http://www.daleguild.com/
He has a number of good photographs of traditional typefounding tools.
---. Practical Typecasting. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Books, 1993.
This is the modern source. It is essential. It is not, however, an introductory text, and it assumes some degree of familiarity with the processes and equipment.
Rhatigan, Daniel ("ultrasparky"), Flickr photostream; see http://www.flickr.com/photos/ultrasparky/; for example: http://www.flickr.com/photos/ultrasparky/483711910/ Accessed 2008-11-15.
Several photographs of punches, nd molds at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp, including Guy Hutsebaut demonstrating a hand mold.
Rice, Roy. "Matrix Making at the Oxford University Press: With notes on the same process as used at The Recalcitrant Press." Atlanta, GA: The Recalcitrant Press, 1982.
Written at the 1982 meeting of the American Typefounding [sic; Typecasting] Fellowship in Oxford, UK. "Issued via the World Wide Web, 1999" at http://bellsouthpwp.net/r/_/r_rice2/mmoup/Text1.htm Also cited in Rehak's Practical Typecasting, p. 215.
Rimmer, John. Leaves from the Pie Tree. Pie Tree Press, 2006.
Although this book looks to be exquisite, it is far too expensive for me ever to own, and I know of no library with a copy. It must remain for me a distant rumor; the closest I can come are some online images at the p22/Rimmer Type Foundry website: http://p22.com/rtf/pietree.html. These do show Rimmer cutting matrices.
Ringwalt, John Luther. The American Encyclopedia of Printing. Philadelphia: Menamin and Ringwalt, 1871. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott and Co., 1871.
Type (p. 469; Google p. 530). Cross-sectional illustration of a type founding establishment (Google p. 536). Type Founding (p. 473; Google p. 538). Type-Casting Machines (p. 476; Google p. 541). Illustration of a (Bruce) Type-Casting Machine (p. 477; Google p. 542). Type Gauge (and illustration of an unusual triangular-cross-section type gauge (like an architect's or engineer's triangular rule) (p. 477/478; Google p. 542/543). Typecasting patents 249/g286. Online via Google Books.
Note - type founders mentioned in Ringwalt: Aldus, Buell, Binny, Bruce, Conner, Johnson, Lothian, Garamond, Jenson, Saur, Scheffer, Sweynheim, Tory, Wells.
Rollins, Carl Purlington. "A Brief and General Discourse on Type." in A History of the Printed Book: Being the Third Number of The Dolphin Ed. Lawrence C. Wroth. NY: The Limited Editions Club, 1938. Pages 297-321.
Available online at Carnegie-Mellon University's Posner Library: http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/ Includes photographs of hand mold, punches, Plantin's printing shop, Church, Barth, and other type casters, the Blower Linotype, the Monotype, Monotype and Linotype matrices.
Ruppel, A. Die Technik Gutenbergs und ibre Vorstufen. 1961.
I haven't read this. A photograph in this volume of a hand mold at the Gutenberg Museum, Mainz, is reproduced in Scholderer's Johann Gutenberg (1963).
Savoie, Alice, Flickr photostream; see http://www.flickr.com/photos/alicesavoie/; for example, http://www.flickr.com/photos/alicesavoie/484088471/ Accessed 2008-11-15.
Small photographs of punches at the Plantin-Moretus Museum, Antwerp, including music punches.
Scholderer, Victor. Johann Gutenberg: The Inventor of Printing. London: The British Museum, 1963.
Contains a photograph reproduced from A. Ruppel, Die Technik Gutenbergs und ibre Vorstufen (1961) of a hand mold from the Gutenberg Museum in Mainz. This mold greatly resembles the one drawn in Jahn's Hand Composition (1931). Though shown held in the hands, it looks to be entirely without insulating wood.
Shepherd, E.G. Typography for Students. London: Macdonald & Evans, Ltd., 1966.
Contains a brief description of punchcutting and typefounding (pp. 24-29) with a drawing of a punchcutter at work. (It really looks as if he's working on a rail anvil!) Also contains a description of the "Nebitype" noncomposing linecaster (Nebiola company, Italy). This is similar to a Ludlow but where the Ludlow injects type metal vertically the Nebitype injects it horizontally.
Silver, Rollo G. Typefounding in America: 1787-1825. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1965.
Reproduces an excellent engraving of a hand mold (with male/female gauges, not wings) from Abraham Rees' Cyclopædia (1810-1842). Also reproduces an engraving of Elihu White's typecasting machine (from the British Patent specification of 1806; the US patent was, I believe, lost in the 1836 patent office fire). Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. 215.
{Skopeo} "Skopeo, of No. Six" "The Typefounder's Art. A Bit of Its History, Ancient and Modern, and a Detailed Technical Description of the Methods and Machines Used in Casting Type." Part 1 in The Typographical Journal. Vol. IX, No. 6 (September 15, 1896). Indianapolis: International Typographical Union, 1896. pp: 211-214 (Google PDF p. 887ff). Part 2 in The Typographical Journal. Vol. IX, No. 7 (October 1, 1896). Indianapolis: International Typographical Union, 1896. pp: 253-256 (Google PDF p. 939ff).
This brief article contains illustrations of a punch, a struck but unjustified matrix, a justified matrix, the Bruce type caster, the Barth type caster, a type fresh from the caster (with jet), and a dressed type.
Smeijers, Fred. Counterpunch: Making Type in the Sixteenth Century[;] Designing Typefaces Now. Ed. Robin Kinross. London: Hyphen Press, 1996.
Essential for hand punchcutting; unusual.
The Society of Arts of the Institutions in Union. Journal of the Society of Arts of the Institutions in Union and Official Record of Annual International Exhibitions. Vol. 20 (1871-11-17 to 1872-11-15). London: Published for the Society by George Bell and Sons, 1872.
Vol. 20, No. 1030 (Aug 16, 1872), p 787, has a tantalizing article which mentions (without identifying them) two type casting machine, one apparently also a composing machine, displayed at the Paris exhibition of 1967. One is said to be French, the other English.
Vol. 20, No. 1039 (Ocrober 18, 1872), pp. 903- cotains a description of Printing Machinery at the International Exhibition of 1872. This includes, on p. 909, an illustration of a "Type Casting Machine" which is identical to the machine of Johnson and Atkinson shown in Powell (1877).
Available via Google Books.
The Society of Arts of the Institutions in Union. Journal of the Society of Arts of the Institutions in Union and Official Record of Annual International Exhibitions. Vol. 21 (1872-11-22 to 1873-11-14). London: Published for the Society by George Bell and Sons, 1873.
Contains J.R. Johnson's paper "On Certain Improvements in the Manufacture of Printing Types." Vol. 21, No. 1061 (March 21, 1873): 330-336 (discussion pp. 336-338) (Google PDF pp. 341-349. In Vol. 21, No. 1068 (May 9, 1873), p. 486, R. M. Gill writes a letter to the Journal defending the British type casting industry against Johnson's criticisms.
Available via Google Books, who, for reasons inexplicable, catalog it as the production of the "Winnipeg Science Fiction Society."
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Committee of General Literature and Education. The History of Printing. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1855.
It mentioned type casting machines by Nicholson (1790), Church (dated to 1825), L. J. Pouchée (no date), and Applegath (1824). Online at Google Books (Bodleian copy).
Southall, Richard. Printer's Type in the Twentieth Century: Manufacturing and Design Methods. London: The British Library and New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press, 2005.
Southall's primary focus is the interplay between design and technology (which is important, but which can be a distraction when one's focus is for the moment just on the technology), and most of his material comes from the photographic and digital periods of typemaking. But his earlier chapters cover metal and hot metal type well, and include both some quantified information and some illustrations not found elsewhere (such as the Kämpf matrix-engraving pantograph and the use of a non-Benton Benton-style punch engraver at the D. Stempel foundry in 1978).
Southward, John. Progress in Printing and the Graphic Arts during the Victorian Era. London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent and Co., Ltd., 1897.
This is a popular work, but it does have an account of some aspects of hand typefounding of the fate of Pouchée's machine (and references for this account), Bruce's, and Johnson's, as well as images of typefounding from 1837 and the late 19th century. His account of hand typefounding, which includes the characterization of typefounders as doing St. Vitus' dance, is a thinly altered appropriation of the account presented under the title "The Printer's Devil" (Quarterly Review. Vol. 65, No. 129 (1839).
Southward, John, and Hugh Munro Ross. "Typography." Encyclopædia Britannica. Eleventh Edition, NY: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company, 1911. Vol. 27, pages 509-548.
Täubel. Wörterbuch der Buchdruckerkunst und Schriftgiesserey. Vienna: [?], 1805.
Cited in Rehak, Practical Typecasting, p. xiv, and in Carter's edition of Fournier, p. xi. I haven't seen it (and can't read German).
Thibaudeau, F. La Lettre d'Imprimerie. Paris: [?], 1921.
Cited in Carter's edition of Fournier, p. xi. I haven't seen it (and can't read French).
Thompson, John S. "Composing Machines - Past and Present." Serialized in fourteen installments in The Inland Printer, monthly from Vol. 30, No. 1 (October 1902) through Vol. 32, No. 2 (November 1903). (Chicago: The Inland Printer Company, 1902-1903.)
For the most part Thompson covers composing machines, but many of these involved casting apparatus. This series later became his 1904 History of Composing Machines.
---. History of Composing Machines. Chicago: The Inland Printer Company, 1904.
While his primary focus is composing machines (including those which cast type), Thompson also covers (and illustrates) the Church typecaster, the Wicks Rotary Typecaster, and the Compositype Sorts Caster. See also the note for Thompson's "Composing Machines - Past and Present," above.
This volume may have been reprinted by Garland Publishing, bound together with Thompson's The Mecahnism of the Linotype and with an introduction by Bruce L. Johnson, perhaps in the early 1980s. (I don't have the exact citation, and haven't seen the work.)
Warde, Beatrie L. "Cutting Types for the Machines: A Layman's Account." in The Dolphin: A Journal of the Making of Books. No. 2. NY: The Limited Editions Club, 1935. Pages 60-70.
Available online at Carnegie-Mellon University's Posner Library: http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/
[Wicks typecaster.] "Items of Interest [column]." The Inland Printer. Vol. 3, No. 1 (Oct. 1885): 67.
Just a brief mention of the Wicks typecaster, capable of casting 100 letters per second.
Wilkes, Walter and Ronald Schmets (photographer). das Schriftgeissen: Von Stempelschnitt, Matrizenfertigung und Letterguss. Stuttgart: Technische Hochschule Darmstadt, 1990.
See ATF Newsletter No. 12 (April 1988), p. 7. There, Rich Hopkins indicates that it was available from him with a supplemental English translation. He refers to it as "von Schriftgiessen." A 2009 search of ABEbooks.com indicates two copies (presumably of the German-only edition) available in the several hundred dollar range. It documents the steps in typefounding, as photographed during the "final days" of the Stempel Type Foundry.
Wolf, Lucien. Exhibition and Market of Machinery, Implements and Material Used by Printers, Stationers, Papermakers and Kindred Trades[:] Official Catalogue of Exhibits. London: Robert Dale, 1880.
This contains an interesting, though brief, article which explains who the foundries in the "Associated Founders" (in the UK: Caslon & Co., Stephenson, Blake & Co., V. and J. Figgins, Sir Charles Reed & Sons., and Miller & Richard) were and their interactions with Johnson's typecasting machine and the Patent Type Foundry which he originated.
The Typographic Messenger.
This may have been the house organ of D. & G. Bruce. See esp. Vol. II (Nov. 1866): David Bruce, Jr. "Mr. George Buxton Lothian." Vol. III (Nov. 1867).
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