The Typographical Pantograph to 1900

This is the canonical distribution location for the book-length study: The Typographical Pantograph to 1900: Correcting the Received Narrative . This work is a review of the surviving information about the introduction of the pantograph to typemaking and the first applications of that machine by Ludwig and Hofer in Germany (1877), William A. Schraubstadter in the US (1882), and Linn Boyd Benton in the US (circa 1884). It builds upon the discoveries of Dr. Dan Reynolds in its treatment of Ludwig and Hofer. We are all indebted to Patricia Cost for her work on Benton.

I cannot emphasize strongly enough that this is a draft of a work in process. Many sections are unfinished; all need revision. It is being presented now because some parts of it may be of use and all of it would benefit from constructive criticism. Corrections and comments are welcome, as is additional information.

Here is the document in PDF format: typographical-pantograph-to-1900.pdf

[Note for preliminary readers: the source, image-devel, and archive-pd-ccby directories aren't online yet. They will be soon. If you need a particular document, image, or file, I'd be happy to accelerate the process and upload it.]

The document, especially in its bibliography, contains links to "local" copies of external documents. If you just view it online, these links will not work. In order for these links to work for you, first download the PDF document to your own computer. Then, in the same directory, download the entire archive-pd-ccby directory of source materials (keeping its directory name). If you're interested enough to want to look at source documents, then you should have local copies of them. If you don't have a local computer onto which you can download things, well, you don't actually have anything at all.

This is an open source document, so while few readers will have reason to look at them, the source materials for it must be presented here as well. The document is marked up in LaTeX and is intended to be processed using xelatex. Various open-source digital lettering fonts are necessary as well.

Here is a directory containing the source files (including local LaTeX macros) and the processed image files. Please note that each image file may be licensed under specific terms as specified in the primary document itself. The directory is: source

Here is a directory tree containing the original versions of each image and the image development done on them. Again, please respect the image licensing terms as specified in the primary document. The directory is: image-devel

As much as is possible, this is intended as an example of "open-source research." Here is a directory containing copies of all source material which is either in the public domain or which is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) or equivalent license: archive-pd-ccby

Source materials licensed for free reproduction under licenses more restrictive than CC BY will be reprinted separately. (At present there are no such sources.)